Understand every method, from first step to algorithm.
Practical workflows, methodological reasoning, equations, implementation details, verified references, and honest validation boundaries.
12 published articles
Review potential outliers
Use distribution and quality evidence to identify observations that need researcher review.
Data-quality algorithms and transformations
Technical inventory of missingness, distribution, response-pattern, multicollinearity and controlled transformation algorithms.
Run descriptive statistics
Summarise distributions, central tendency, variability, frequencies, and cross-tabulations.
Frequencies and crosstabs
Understand counts, valid and total percentages, cumulative percentages and two-way contingency tables.
Interpret reliability evidence
Assess internal consistency for a defensible reflective multi-item score.
Correlation and regression
Explore associations or model continuous and binary outcomes with explicit variable roles.
Mediation and moderation
Estimate observed-variable indirect effects or continuous interactions using explicit theoretical roles.
Group comparisons and categorical inference
Technical guide to Student and Welch t tests, paired t tests, conventional and Welch ANOVA, chi-square and Fisher exact tests.
Exploratory factor analysis
Explore common-factor structure with factorability and dimensionality diagnostics.
Confirmatory factor analysis
Estimate a researcher-approved reflective measurement model using supported continuous-indicator ML procedures.
Covariance-based SEM workflow
Extend an approved CFA into a recursive latent structural model.
PLS-SEM workflow
Estimate supported recursive PLS path models with reflective Mode A and configured formative Mode B constructs.